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I. Introduction A. Protein kinase A (Protein Kinase A; PKA):. A is an alternative protein (by mass) plus phosphate enzyme b unactivated state (rest) chemie is tetramer (tetramer) c. . composed of two catalytic subunits (Catalytic subunit; containing kinase activities) chemie and two regulatory subunits (Regulatory subunit; contain cAMP-binding sites) composition B. CREB (CRE binding protein): a CREB is catalytic times. One unit of the target protein b. Yes a cAMP regulatory protein (cAMP-regulated protein) c gene by CRE will regulate region (cAMP response element) homodimers (homodimer) on the form and DNA binding regulation transcription, below d CREB transcription factor and not the regulation of all genes, the object of which is limited to the regulation itself contains cyclic CRE regulatory region chemie of AMP-responsive genes C. PKA-mediated gene regulation process:.. a Gs protein is Gs protein-coupled receptor (Gs-protein-couple receptor) activation, αs subunit enzyme adenosine go to the activation loop (Adenylyl chemie cyclase) to promote chemie the synthesis of cAMP, cAMP generation will work with regulatory chemie subunits on Regulatory subunit PKA) binding b. When the four regulatory subunits of cAMP binding, will release the catalytic subunits, the catalytic subunit (activated state PKA) will enter the cell nucleus to find the target protein (in this CREB) and the phosphorylation ultimately chemie affect gene performance c. When after being phosphorylated and activated chemie CREB CRE connected to form homodimer of regulatory regions, will attract a total of activating factor (coactivator, in this case CBP / P300) come together in combination, it can be facilitated by RNA polymerase Basal form of transcription machinery transcription effect chemie Note: Overall, the physiological reaction of the secondary messenger (second messenger) cAMP regulated directly affects chemie the gene expression, so the impact on the body a long time! Source: University of Bergen Second, PKA regulation of glucose and glycogen chemie metabolism in A. glycogen synthase (Glycogen synthase) chemie responsible for the synthesis chemie of glycogen, and glycogen phosphate hydrolase (Glycogen phosphorylase) is responsible for the degradation of glycogen, two They are subject to regulation by PKA of B. When the high cAMP concentrations in vivo when compared chemie with low concentrations of:
. b should suppress glycogen degradation (to avoid more glucose) C. When the high concentration in vivo cAMP, PKA regulation chemie of glucose and glycogen metabolism in the process: [target] promote glycogen degradation; inhibits the synthesis of a high glycogen. cAMP concentrations can be combined with regulatory subunit of PKA activated PKA (ie release of catalytic subunits PKA), itself has kinase activity of the catalytic subunit will GPK (Glycogen phosphorylase kinase) phosphorylation and activation, is activated The GPK will then glycogen chemie phosphate chemie hydrolase (Glycogen phosphorylase; GP) activating phosphorylation and activation of glycogen phosphate hydrolase hydrolyzed to release glucose to glycogen b activation of PKA would glycogen synthase (Glycogen synthase.; GS) phosphorylation loss of activity, and therefore can not synthesize glycogen c. Activation of PKA also for IP (Inhibitor of phosphoprotein phosphatase) connected to the phosphate, then combined with the PP (phosphoprotein phosphatase) to the activity of PP, PP will avoid already chemie phosphorylated protein dephosphorylation D. When the low cAMP concentrations in vivo, the process PKA regulation of glucose and glycogen metabolism in: [target] promote the synthesis of glycogen; inhibition of glycogen degradation. a. Low concentrations of cAMP lead to decreased activity of PKA, can not provide IP phosphate, chemie so the lack of phosphate and PP IP can not be combined to make PP recovery activity, can be phosphorylated protein dephosphorylation b. activation of PP removes GPK - phosphate P and GP- P, so the two go active, thereby inhibiting the hydrolysis of glycogen, reducing glucose production c activation of PP will GS- P of phosphate removal was activated, and promote liver. Sugar generate
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