"Other ingredients" are also important to wash the experience - and the wash results (6)
We have in the third, fourth and fifth article looked at the pale systems builders and surfactants in detergents. For these three groups, the first two are defined perspex by their functions, while surfactants perspex is defined by a physical-chemical property, which in turn can be derived from their amphiphilic molecular structure. We must now look at the rest of the ingredients, some of which, like surfactants and many builders are multifunctional. perspex We will use both chemical and functional descriptions. It is not easy to obtain detailed information on the detergent compositions, if you do not have a fully equipped analytical laboratory, and not on the volume less ingredients that we have to deal with here. A first step might be to read the ingredients lists on the detergent packaging. Box 1 provides a taste of what you can experience on the way. Another option is to consult general references perspex on detergents [1,2] to find 'frame formulations', which often masks tables with as broad ranges for the content of the ingredients, it can be difficult to have much use for. This is due, of course, that there is a large variation in the market. A third option is to look at the composition of standard detergents are used as references in tests of washing machines and new detergents. A selection of these are shown in Box 2 As can be seen there are 'other' group only a few percent by weight of the ingredients. This does not mean that they are unimportant, and a critical consumer often can not achieve a satisfactory washing experience without them. They were all tried out in box 2 of Article 1 We will go into detail on some of them. The development of enzymes and their mechanisms of action will be addressed perspex separately perspex in the last two articles in the series.
Polymers generally the main homopolymer types of detergents are listed in Box 3 It is, as we shall see, not all vaskemiddelpolymerer that is simple homopolymers. Many of the polymers described in daily with established acronyms.
CMC and related polymers CMC is probably the first used (from 1940) and over the years also the most commonly used detergent polymer. The acronym perspex (not to be confused with the critical micelle concentration! - See the previous article) stands for carboxymethyl cellulose, and CMC is prepared by reaction of chloroacetic acid with cellulose under alkaline conditions. Hereby there is bound carboxylatomethylgrupper (-OOCCH2-) to some of the hydroxy groups of cellulose, which in itself is poly (glucose) perspex with the glucose units connected by b-1, 4 bonds. perspex Depending on the starting material and the conditions of the reaction, the final CMC normally supplied as sodium salt, have different characteristics perspex and different types of CMC used in many industries and product types. Typical grades for use in detergents can have a degree of polymerization of 200-500 and a degree of substitution of 0.6 to 0.8. The latter means that on average is 6-8 carboxymethyl every 10 glucose units. They're typically not evenly distributed. We have already referred to in Article 4 and 5 touched on the phenomenon redeposition of particulate dirt and builders and surfactants can counteract ready position. CMC is also used as anti-redeposition agent, and the effect is assumed to arise from the fact that by adsorption perspex onto fabric surfaces and dirt particles acquire an electrostatic repulsion, as with aniontentensider such. LAS, since the carboxy perspex groups of the CMC will be dissociated by washing the pH. As with aniontensiderne is adsorption of CMC for textile surfaces heavily dependent on water hardness, as demonstrated by studies of 14C-labeled CMC Chart 1 The geographical perspex distribution of CMC in the market is very uneven. It is used largely perspex in the United States, where it is common with a high ratio of washing liquids and clothing (see Article 1), which decreases perspex ready position. (Admittedly, Box 1 a US-detergent perspex with a declared perspex anti-redeposition agent, but you can not see what it is.) European washing machine with a low water invites to return to the ready position problems, and Europe is the classic CMC market. Also in China, where the laundry contains much particulate dirt, the CMC. There are other chemical (including enzymatic) modified cellulose types [3], and hydrophobically modified CMC [4] has been used as fiber protection agent (proclaimed a few years ago as Liquifiber in U.S. detergent Cheer; since allegedly also used in Europe; adsorbs to the fibers and reduces the mechanical wear of these).
Polycarboxylates (PCA) Strictly speaking, the CMC also a polycarboxylate, but this designation is meant usually the homopolymers (PAA) of acrylic acid and copolymers of acrylic acid and especially maleic acid (PAA / PMA), which was already mentioned in builders. Depending on the degree of polymerization obtained various products
We have in the third, fourth and fifth article looked at the pale systems builders and surfactants in detergents. For these three groups, the first two are defined perspex by their functions, while surfactants perspex is defined by a physical-chemical property, which in turn can be derived from their amphiphilic molecular structure. We must now look at the rest of the ingredients, some of which, like surfactants and many builders are multifunctional. perspex We will use both chemical and functional descriptions. It is not easy to obtain detailed information on the detergent compositions, if you do not have a fully equipped analytical laboratory, and not on the volume less ingredients that we have to deal with here. A first step might be to read the ingredients lists on the detergent packaging. Box 1 provides a taste of what you can experience on the way. Another option is to consult general references perspex on detergents [1,2] to find 'frame formulations', which often masks tables with as broad ranges for the content of the ingredients, it can be difficult to have much use for. This is due, of course, that there is a large variation in the market. A third option is to look at the composition of standard detergents are used as references in tests of washing machines and new detergents. A selection of these are shown in Box 2 As can be seen there are 'other' group only a few percent by weight of the ingredients. This does not mean that they are unimportant, and a critical consumer often can not achieve a satisfactory washing experience without them. They were all tried out in box 2 of Article 1 We will go into detail on some of them. The development of enzymes and their mechanisms of action will be addressed perspex separately perspex in the last two articles in the series.
Polymers generally the main homopolymer types of detergents are listed in Box 3 It is, as we shall see, not all vaskemiddelpolymerer that is simple homopolymers. Many of the polymers described in daily with established acronyms.
CMC and related polymers CMC is probably the first used (from 1940) and over the years also the most commonly used detergent polymer. The acronym perspex (not to be confused with the critical micelle concentration! - See the previous article) stands for carboxymethyl cellulose, and CMC is prepared by reaction of chloroacetic acid with cellulose under alkaline conditions. Hereby there is bound carboxylatomethylgrupper (-OOCCH2-) to some of the hydroxy groups of cellulose, which in itself is poly (glucose) perspex with the glucose units connected by b-1, 4 bonds. perspex Depending on the starting material and the conditions of the reaction, the final CMC normally supplied as sodium salt, have different characteristics perspex and different types of CMC used in many industries and product types. Typical grades for use in detergents can have a degree of polymerization of 200-500 and a degree of substitution of 0.6 to 0.8. The latter means that on average is 6-8 carboxymethyl every 10 glucose units. They're typically not evenly distributed. We have already referred to in Article 4 and 5 touched on the phenomenon redeposition of particulate dirt and builders and surfactants can counteract ready position. CMC is also used as anti-redeposition agent, and the effect is assumed to arise from the fact that by adsorption perspex onto fabric surfaces and dirt particles acquire an electrostatic repulsion, as with aniontentensider such. LAS, since the carboxy perspex groups of the CMC will be dissociated by washing the pH. As with aniontensiderne is adsorption of CMC for textile surfaces heavily dependent on water hardness, as demonstrated by studies of 14C-labeled CMC Chart 1 The geographical perspex distribution of CMC in the market is very uneven. It is used largely perspex in the United States, where it is common with a high ratio of washing liquids and clothing (see Article 1), which decreases perspex ready position. (Admittedly, Box 1 a US-detergent perspex with a declared perspex anti-redeposition agent, but you can not see what it is.) European washing machine with a low water invites to return to the ready position problems, and Europe is the classic CMC market. Also in China, where the laundry contains much particulate dirt, the CMC. There are other chemical (including enzymatic) modified cellulose types [3], and hydrophobically modified CMC [4] has been used as fiber protection agent (proclaimed a few years ago as Liquifiber in U.S. detergent Cheer; since allegedly also used in Europe; adsorbs to the fibers and reduces the mechanical wear of these).
Polycarboxylates (PCA) Strictly speaking, the CMC also a polycarboxylate, but this designation is meant usually the homopolymers (PAA) of acrylic acid and copolymers of acrylic acid and especially maleic acid (PAA / PMA), which was already mentioned in builders. Depending on the degree of polymerization obtained various products
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